In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:The Center Blossoms, Part 1:The Pneumatological Fruit of the Incarnate Word in Bonaventure's BreviloquiumBr. Thomas A. Piolata OFM Cap. (bio)This paper asks the following question: What is the fruit of Saint Bonaventure's theological focus on Christ as the center of all theology? While Bonaventure's christocentric vision has rightly received ample scholarly attention and recognition, a clear and robust explication of the fruit—i.e., the culmination or goal—of this (...) vision yet remains to be articulated.1 The above question has not received a full answer. There is thus a lacuna and a need within the secondary literature on the Seraphic Doctor's thought. This study addresses and begins to remedy this lacuna. It offers a preliminary answer to the above question.2 To this end, I will argue that Bonaventure's christocentrism yields a theology that accentuates the Spirit's role in salvation—a pneumatological soteriology.To argue this point, I focus principally on Bonaventure's systematic masterpiece, the Breviloquium. I have chosen this text for two principal reasons. The first reason: the Breviloquium makes manifest the Seraphic [End Page 195] Doctor's distinctive christocentrism.3 After all, in a work consisting of seven parts,4 it is precisely Part 4—De incarnatione Verbi—that constitutes the text's undeniable structural center. Bonaventure's treatment of the Incarnate Word constitutes, as Part 4 of the text, the centerpiece of the seven-part theological synthesis developed in the Breviloquium.The second reason: the Breviloquium makes explicit the inherent— and specifically pneumatological—fruitfulness of Bonaventure's christocentrism. Significantly, that is, the centrality of Christ in the text does not end in Christ. Already in Part 4, the text's structural center, the centrality of Christ culminates and finds its fullness in a pneumatological, pentecostal reflection: "Postremo, ut inflammaret ad caritatem, misit [Christus] ignem Spiritus sancti in die Pentecostes."5 These words reveal the pneumatological climax of Christ's mission. They are taken from the tenth and final chapter of Part 4, where Bonaventure makes explicit reference to the "Spiritus sanctus" nine times.6 This pentecostal conclusion and cluster of references to the Spirit imbues this final chapter of Part 4 De incarnatione Verbi with a pronounced pneumatological accent and culmination. The centrality of the Incarnate Word already—within its own structure—begins to blossom into the Spirit. Indeed, the centrality of Christ is a blossoming center.This pneumatological apogee of the centrality of Christ does not go unnoticed by Joshua Benson in his careful study of the Breviloquium's Christology. Benson utilizes as a structural hermeneutic Bonaventure's triadic division of ortus, progressus/modus, and status/fructus introduced in the prologue of the text,7 and arrives at the following synthesis: "This chapter [Chapter 10 of Part 4] is the ultimate fructus of Bonaventure's investigation of the incarnate Word and also establishes Christ further as the ortus of the life of grace that Bonaventure will examine in part 5 [De gratia Spiritus sancti]."8 Benson thus eventually concludes: "The paschal mystery is the foundation for the pneumatological mystery of the church."9 [End Page 196]Ultimately, then, Benson's comments bear witness to the inherent trajectory of the Breviloquium's distinctive christocentrism. Indeed, the center not only anticipates, but even reaches into the subsequent parts that follow: Part 4 does not stand alone as an isolated monad, but betrays directionality, a movement toward the Spirit. Put differently, the text's undeniable christic center is a vibrant center that bears fruit, a center that breathes forth the mystery of the Spirit. In a word, the center blossoms: pneumatological presence pulsates within and so blossoms forth from the reality of the Incarnate Word.This insight motivates the present study. After all, it is this basic insight that lies at the genesis of, formulates an initial answer to, and evinces the theological gravity within the very question that opened this essay: What is the fruit of Bonaventure's theological focus on Christ the center? Answering this question constitutes the goal of this study. To answer it, I will explicate the—pneumatological—fruit of Christ the center. In brief, the answer I propose lies in what I will... (shrink)

Abstract. In Dynamics of Reason Michael Friedman proposes a kind of synthesis between the neokantianism of Ernst Cassirer, the logical empiricism of Rudolf Carnap, and the historicism of Thomas Kuhn. Cassirer and Carnap are to take care of the Kantian legacy of modern philosophy of science, encapsulated in the concept of a relativized a priori and the globally rational or continuous evolution of scientific knowledge,while Kuhn´s role is to ensure that the historicist character of scientific knowledge is taken seriously. (...) More precisely, Carnapian linguistic frameworks, guarantee that the evolution of science procedes in a rational manner locally,while Cassirer’s concept of an internally defined conceptual convergence of empirical theories provides the means to maintain the global continuity of scientific reason. In this paper it is argued that Friedman’s neokantian account of scientific reason based on the concept of the relativized a priori underestimates the pragmatic aspects of the dynamics of scientific reason. To overcome this short-coming, I propose to reconsider C.I. Lewis’s account of a pragmatic the priori, recently modernized and elaborated by Hasok Chang. This may be<br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br&g t;<br><br><br><br><br><br>Keywords: Dynamics of reason, Paradigms, Logical Empiricism,Neokantianism, Pragmatism, Mathematics, Communicative Rationality. (shrink)

In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:THE CASE FOR SPIRIT CHRISTOLOGY: SOME REFLECTIONS THOMAS WEINANDY, O.F.M., CAP. Greyfriars Hall, University of Oxford IN THE JUNE, 1992, issue of Theological Studies Roger Haight, S.J., of the Weston School of Theology, authored an essay entitled "The Case for Spirit Christology." 1 In the December, 1992, issue of the same journal John Wright, S.J., of the Jesuit School of Theology at Berkeley, wrote a critical response entitled: (...) "Roger Haight's Spirit Christology." 2 While I fully endorse Wright's reservations, here I wish to offer some of my own criticisms as well as expand upon some of his.3 In order for a Spirit Christology to be viable Haight believes that it must fulfill six criteria: 1) It must adequately explain why Christians believe that their salvation is found in Jesus; 2) It must be faithful to the Bible; 3) It must uphold the teaching of the Councils, especially Nicaea and Chalcedon; 4) It must be intelligible and coherent; 5) It must respond to contemporary concerns, specifically the relationship of Jesus to the founders of other 1 Roger Haight, S.J., "The Case for Spirit Christology," Theological Studies 53(1992): 257-287. Hereafter referred to in the text by page numbers. 2 John Wright, S.J., "Roger Haight's Spirit Christology," Theological Studies 53(1992) : 729-735. 3 While this article will focus exclusively on Haight's Spirit Christology, much of what will be said here, by way of criticism, can be applied equally to other expressions of Spirit Christology, since the various forms are quite similar. Haight himself relies heavily upon and substantially agrees with G. W. H. Lampe, " The Holy Spirit and the Person of Christ," in Christ, Faith and History, ed. S. W. Sykes and J. P. Clayton (Cambridge: University Press, 1972) 111-130; and God as Spirit (Oxford: Clarendon, 1977). For other recent examples of Spirit Christology see Haight's footnote 1, p. 257. 173 174 THOMAS WEINANDY, O.F.M., CAP. religions; 6) It must be able to stimulate and empower Christian life (see 260-262). As in Wright's response, I wish to examine I-Iaight's Spirit Christology in light of these criteria. I will begin with an extensive examination of Haight's second criterion-faithfulness to scripture-for it is most central to his whole enterprise. Then, more succinctly, I will address his other criteria. Biblical Revelation and Religious Language The central, and therefore fatal, flaw within Haight's Spirit Christology is that his understanding of '.' God as Spirit," upon which the whole of his Christology is founded, is itself non-biblical. To discern Haight's understanding of " God as Spirit," we must first examine his notion of religious language and the philosophy sustaining it. For Haight, "the medium through which religious experience takes place may be called a symbol, making all religious knowledge symbolic knowledge. A symbol is that through which something else is made present and known; a symbol mediates a perception and knowledge of something other" (263). While the symbol makes the presence of God known, yet, precisely because it is a symbol, God is beyond or transcends what is symbolized. The symbol " both makes God present and points away from itself to a God who is other than itself" (263). Thus the symbolized " is" and " is not" the symbol (263). Haight argues then that the biblical symbol, " the Spirit of God " refers to God and is " materially and numerically identical with God. God as Spirit is God" (266). However, God as Spirit " indicates God at work, as active, and as power, energy, or force that accomplishes something" (266-267). God as Spirit refers not to God as he is immanent in himself, but to God as he is "outside of himself," within the order of time and history. Haight recognizes that the Old Testament also uses " Word" and " Wisdom" as symbols along with " Spirit," but " all of these symbols are basically the same insofar as they point to the same generalized experience of God outside of God's self and im- THE CASE FOR SPIRIT CHRISTOLOGY 175 manent in the world in presence and active power" (267). While Haight acknowledges that these symbolic... (shrink)

Surely the greatest possible accomplishment for a religious epistemologist would be to show how God's existence might be empirically verified. The most obvious, although certainly not unproblematic, approach to this task is to claim that perceptual evidence is available from which God's existence can be inferred. The only apparent alternative, direct sense perception of God, is ruled out by God's essential unobservability, which is implied by his essential incorporeality. But Robert Oakes, in his essay, ‘Religious Experience, Sense-perception and God's Essential (...) Unobservability’ , boldly suggests a third alternative. God's unobservability may preclude his being perceived directly through the senses, but there are still logically possible, Oakes says, ‘ sensory detections of God's presence ’ . To illustrate, he gives the following quote from William Barclay's The Mind of St Paul : A great artist tells us that it was his father who taught him to see and to love beauty. His father used to take him out in the evening time…One evening there was a sunset of surpassing majesty and splendour, and at the sight of it his father stood up, removed his cap and looked at the splendour of the dying sun, and said: ‘My son, it is God.’. (shrink)

The first aim of this paper is to elucidate Russell’s construction of spatial points, which is to be <br>considered as a paradigmatic case of the "logical constructions" that played a central role in his epistemology and theory of science. Comparing it with parallel endeavours carried out by Carnap and Stone it is argued that Russell’s construction is best understood as a structural representation. It is shown that Russell’s and Carnap’s representational constructions may be considered as incomplete and sketchy harbingers of (...) Stone’s representation theorems. The representational program inaugurated by Stone’s theorems was one of the success stories of 20th century’s mathematics. This suggests that representational constructions à la Stone could also be important for epistemology and philosophy of science. More specifically it is argued that the issues proposed by Russellian definite descriptions, logical constructions, and structural representations still have a place on the agenda of contemporary epistemology and philosophy of science. Finally, the representational interpretation of Russell’s logical constructivism is used to shed some new light on the recently vigorously discussed topic of his structural realism. (shrink)

The aim of this paper is to show that topology has a bearing on<br><br>combinatorial theories of possibility. The approach developed in this article is “mapping account” considering combinatorial worlds as mappings from individuals to properties. Topological structures are used to define constraints on the mappings thereby characterizing the “really possible” combinations. The mapping approach avoids the well-known incompatibility problems. Moreover, it is compatible with atomistic as well as with non-atomistic ontologies.It helps to elucidate the positions of logical atomism and monism (...) with theaid of topological separation axioms. (shrink)

The welfare reform law of 1996 completely overhauled the nation's system of assistance to low-income families. The reauthorization of that law, now several months overdue because of congressional delays, presents an opportunity for religious social ethicists to evaluate the adequacy of our nation's anti-poverty efforts. This paper surveys policy developments from 1996 to 2003 and analyzes five key issues in the reauthorization debate: the size and structure of welfare block grants; work requirements; welfare time limits, sanctions, and exemptions; marriage promotion (...) and the family cap; and ancillary programs providing work supports such as food stamps, Medicaid, and child care subsidies. A variety of ethical critiques of policy proposals is offered, some of them from the perspective of Catholic social teaching. The trail of missed opportunities in welfare reform will probably continue, as American social policy fails to act upon an accurate portrayal of the challenges facing poor families today. (shrink)

In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:Reviewed by:Jesus Becoming Jesus, Volume 2, A Theological Interpretation of the Gospel of John: Prologue and the Book of Signs by Thomas G. WeinandyDaniel A. KeatingJesus Becoming Jesus, Volume 2, A Theological Interpretation of the Gospel of John: Prologue and the Book of Signs by Thomas G. Weinandy, O.F.M. Cap. (Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press, 2021), xviii + 484 pp.This is an unusual biblical commentary. (...) By his own account, Fr. Weinandy had set out to write a fully orbed systematic theology. While in the process of giving a "respectful nod to Scripture" as a prelude to his systematic study, he found himself caught up and engrossed in the biblical text—and never managed to extricate himself. Changing course, he decided to write "a theological or doctrinal interpretation of the New Testament." Volume 1 of this effort covers the Synoptic Gospels (2018). In this second volume, Weinandy turns his attention to the Fourth Gospel, his aim being "to discern the theological and doctrinal content of John's Gospel" (x).Perhaps the most unusual quality of this study is the complete absence of any secondary literature. Though the author has read commentaries on the Gospels, both ancient and modern, he chose not to consult any other scholars (or ecclesiastical writers) in composing this doctrinal commentary. Given his focused aim—a theological and doctrinal study of the Gospels—he wanted to avoid getting caught up in contemporary scholarly exegetical debates. And so there are no footnotes to secondary sources (a thing probably welcome to many readers).Weinandy alerts the reader at the start concerning his particular approach to this study of the Gospels. Fascinated throughout his career as a systematic theologian with the notion of "act" (and especially with God as "pure act"), he approaches the Gospel narratives primarily from the perspective of Jesus's actions. Specifically, he intends to explore how Jesus "enacts" [End Page 738] his name, "YHWH-Saves," through the saving mysteries revealed in the narrative of the Gospels. Thus the title of his multi-volume work, "Jesus Becoming Jesus," serves as the overarching theological theme of the entire effort. This is how he explains his methodology of "act" and "enactment" in his first volume: "Jesus more and more becomes Jesus in act through his saving acts; he becomes more and more the Savior. He definitively becomes Jesus-in-act with the actions of his saving death and resurrection, which will find completion when Jesus comes in glory at the end of time" (xix). With such attention given to Jesus's actions, Weinandy admits that Jesus's teaching does not receive the same attention. It is not that he ignores Jesus's words, but they function primarily as pointers to Jesus's acts.And yet in another sense, the endpoint of this commentary is to show the Trinity-in-act. "The Father is fatherhood fully in act; the Son is sonship fully in act; and the Holy Spirit is love fully in act. This threefold perichoretic act is the one God fully in act" (xiv). As Jesus progressively enacts his name and identity, so too are the Father and the Spirit revealed according to the "acts" that reflect their hypostatic identities. A consistent feature of this commentary is the sustained attention given to how the Father and the Spirit are involved in the saving actions of Jesus, the Word made flesh. Congruent with this view of the Trinity's perichoretic act, Weinandy often adopts what might be called a "perichoretic syntax," whereby he presents a single reality from the distinct perspectives of the divine persons, restating the same truth in mutually enhancing ways. This grammatical-syntactical style of the commentary is admirably suited to its theme.If we are looking for parallels to this theological-doctrinal approach in the Christian tradition, the commentaries on the Gospel of John by Cyril of Alexandria and Thomas Aquinas come to mind. Like Weinandy, they each work through the Gospel text passage by passage, explaining the meaning of each section, but they are characterized by an overarching doctrinal concern: to present the entirety of the Christian faith through the words of John's Gospel and to... (shrink)

Let S be the group of all permutations of the set of natural numbers. The cofinality spectrum CF(S) of S is the set of all regular cardinals λ such that S can be expressed as the union of a chain of λ proper subgroups. This paper investigates which sets C of regular uncountable cardinals can be the cofinality spectrum of S. The following theorem is the main result of this paper. Theorem. Suppose that $V \models GCH$ . Let C be (...) a set of regular uncountable cardinals which satisfies the following conditions. (a) C contains a maximum element. (b) If μ is an inaccessible cardinal such that $\mu = \sup(C \cap \mu)$ , then μ ∈ C. (c) If μ is a singular cardinal such that $\mu = \sup(C \cap \mu)$ , then μ + ∈ C. Then there exists a c.c.c. notion of forcing P such that $V^\mathbb{P} \models CF(S) = C$ . We shall also investigate the connections between the cofinality spectrum and pcf theory; and show that CF(S) cannot be an arbitrarily prescribed set of regular uncountable cardinals. (shrink)

When proponents of cognitive externalism (CE) turn to empirical studies in cognitive science to put the framework to use and to assess its explanatory success, they typically refer to perception, memory, or motor coordination. In contrast, not much has been said about reasoning. One promising avenue to explore in this respect is the theory of bounded rationality (BR). To clarify the relationship between CE and BR, we criticize Andy Clark's understanding of BR, as well as his claim that BR does (...) not fit his version of CE. We then propose and defend a version of CE—“scaffolded cognition”—that is not committed to constitutive claims about the mind, but still differs from mainstream internalism. Finally, we analyze BR from our own CE perspective, thereby clarifying its vague appeals to the environment, and argue that cognitive internalism cannot explain important aspects of the BR program. (shrink)

토마스 아퀴나스의 도덕규범 안에는 서로 상이하게 보이는 두 가지의 도덕규범 체계가 공존하고 있음을 알 수 있다. 하나는 아리스토텔레스적인 것이며, 또 다른 하나는 그리스 도교적인 것이다. 그런데 만일 아리스토텔레스의 교설을 하나의 완전한 체계로 본다면, 그의 체계를 초자연적인 그리스도교의 도덕 체계와 결합시키는 하나의 종합을 이루려고 할 경우에 반드시 어떤 긴장관계가 초래될 수밖에 없을 것이다. 이와 관련하여, 토마스 아퀴나스는 아리스토텔레스의 개념들을 그리스도교의 도덕적이고 종교적인 사고 안으로 통합시키기 위하여 아리스토텔레스의 개념의 많은 부분들을 변형시켰다는 것이 오늘날 일반적으로 받아들여지고 있다.BR 이것은 또한 토마스 아퀴나스가 그의 그리스도교의 (...) 애덕(caritas)에 대한 진정한 개념의 중심적인 특징, 즉 최상의 의미 안에서의 인간적인 사랑(maxime amicitia)으로서 신에 대한 사랑(dilectio Dei)과 이웃에 대한 사랑(dilectio proximi)를 해석하기 위하여 사용했던 아리스토텔레스의 친애(philia)의 교설에 있어서도 마찬가지이다. 여기에서, 연구자는 친애라는 아리스토텔레스의 개념은 원래 그리스도교의 애덕이 암시적으로 또는 명시적으로 아리스토텔레스의 친애를 배제하고 있다는 점에서, 그리스도교의 애덕과는 정반대라고 주장한다. 그리하여 연구자는 아리스토텔레스의 친애에 관한 토마스 아퀴나스의 수용이 아리스토텔레스의 교설을 중세 그리스도교 신학으로의 성공적인 통합으로 규정될 수 없다는 것, 또는 오히려 토마스 아퀴나스가, 의도적이든 의도적이지 않든지, 그의 통합적인 설명에 의해서 어쩔 수 없이 아리스토텔레스의 교설의 몇몇 본질적인 국면들을 제외시켰다는 것을 지적한다.BR 이와 관련해서, 첫째, 연구자는 아리스토텔레스의 ‘친애’교설의 기본적인 특징들에 관련해서 완전한 친애로서 ‘탁월성의 친애’와 ‘동등성의 친애’를 살펴본 후에, 토마스 아퀴나스의 접근의 아리스토텔레스의 탁월성과 동등성 개념으로부터의 두 가지의 주요한 이탈들을 지적한다. 둘째, 연구자는 아리스토텔레스의 완전한 친애의 전제조건으로서 나 자신에 대한 잘 정돈된 관계를 살펴본 후에, 토마스 아퀴나스의 이러한 접근의 아리스토텔레스의 전제조건으로부터의 이탈을 언급한다. 셋째, 연구자는 아리스토텔레스의 신과 인간의 완전한 친애의 불가능성에 관한 교설을 논의한 후에, 토마스 아퀴나스의 접근의 아리스토텔레스의 교설로부터의 이탈을 제시한다. 결론적으로, 연구자가 아리스토텔레스의 사고들을 넘어서지 않고 그것들을 일관성 있게 유지하는 한 사람을 가리켜서 아리스토텔레스주의자라고 부른다고 규정하는 한, 아리스토텔레스주의자로서 토마스 아퀴나스는 위에서 제시된 이유로 인하여 그 자신을 신의 친구라고 여길 수 없다고 주장한다. 다시 말하면, 연구자는 아리스토텔레스주의자로서 토마스 아퀴나스는 신의 친구가 될 수 없다고 단언하는 것이다. (shrink)

아리스토텔레스의 작품들에 대한 토마스 아퀴나스의 주해의 의도는 최근 수 십 년 동안 제이퍼(H. V. Jaffa), 고티에(R. A. Gauthier), 브래들리(D. J. M. Bradley), 도이그(J. C. Doig), 엘더스(L. Elders) 등과 같은 여러 학자들 사이에서 종종 논쟁거리가 되어 왔다. 그 중에서도 용기라는 덕은 아리스토텔레스와 토마스 아퀴나스 사이에 있었던 논쟁들 중의 핵심적인 요소였다. 예를 들면, 드용(R. K. De Young)은 토마스 아퀴나스가 전쟁터에서의 용기보다는 오히려 순교자의 용기의 주요한 행위로서 인내만을 강조함으로써 아리스토텔레스의 용기 개념으로부터 갈라섰다고 주장한다. 이와 같은 그녀의 토마스 아퀴나스의 순교자의 인내에 관한 충실한 이해는 (...) 여러 관점들 안에서 성격상 철저하게 신학적이라는 것을 부정할 수는 없다.BR 그러나 드용의 주장과는 달리, 헤르트(J. A. Herdt)와 라이히버그(G. M. Reichberg)와 같은 학자들은 토마스 아퀴나스의 용기에 대한 설명이 더 광범위한 신학적인 전통들을 배경으로 하여 지속됨에도 불구하고, 가장 두드러진 것은 그의 용기에 관한 설명들이 아리스토텔레스로부터의 벗어남 또는 이탈이 결코 아니라고 주장한다. 그들은 그가 어떤 의미에서 아리스토텔레스에게 의존하고 있는 순교자의 용기의 주요한 행위로서 인내라는 전형을 주장하는 것 이외에도, 전쟁터 용기에 대한 아리스토텔레스의 분석을 거부하는 것이 아니라 오히려 아리스토텔레스를 능가하는 방식을 취하고 있다고 주장한다. 또한 그들은 그가 “은총은 자연을 완전하게 만든다.”라는 원리를 받아들임으로써 이러한 두 가지 형태들, 즉 후천적으로 획득된 용기와 주입된 용기 사이에 존재할 수 있는 다양한 관계들에 주의를 기울이고 있다고 주장하고 있다.BR 이 연구에서는 먼저, 연구자는 토마스 아퀴나스의 순교자의 용기와 인내에 관한 드용의 입장을 검토해보고자 한다. 이 방법의 일환으로서, 연구자는 드용이 지적한 내용들, 즉 순교자로서 인내와 신의 은총으로서 인내를 살펴볼 것이다. 그리고 나서 드용의 주장들에 대한 반론으로서 첫째, 연구자는 헤르트의 주장들을 중심으로 하여 토마스 아퀴나스가 신의 은총 없이도 시민의 덕으로서 인내를 가지는 것이 가능하다는 것을 분명하게 보여주고 있다는 것을 드러낼 것이다. 둘째, 본 연구자는 라이히버그의 주장을 중심으로 하여 토마스 아퀴나스는가 아리스토텔레스의 군대의 용기 또는 전쟁터에서의 용기를 대담함과 인내라는 두 가지의 정념들의 적절한 균형을 통하여 아리스토텔레스의 용기의 개념을 발전적으로 변용시켰다고 주장할 것이다. 결론적으로, 연구자는 토마스 아퀴나스가 아리스토텔레스의 용기의 개념을 단순히 그리스도교의 순교 또는 인내와 관련되어 있는 용기의 개념으로 변형시키려고 한 것이 아니라 아리스토텔레스의 부분적인 진리를 더 완전한 진리 쪽으로 나아갈 수 있는 지를 보여주고자 한 것임에 분명하다는 것을 제시하고자 한다. (shrink)

즐거움에 관한 아리스토텔레스의 A주장(『니코마코스 윤리학』제7권 제11장-14장) 과 B주장(『니코마코스 윤리학』제10권 제1장-제5장)은『니코마코스 윤리학』의 서론으로부터 결론에 이르기까지 균형 잡힌 구성적 구절들의 맥락 안에서 이해되어야 한다. 이러한 이해들은 토마스 아퀴나스의 즐거움의 견해에 관한 아리스토텔레스적인 또는 철학적 차원과 아우구스티누스적인 또는 신학적 차원을 이해하기 위한 더 넓은 기초를 제공해준다.BR 이와 같은 관점에서, 연구자는 먼저 아리스토텔레스의 A주장과 B주장 사이에서 발생하는 편집적 난제들과 철학적 난제들을 비판적으로 검토해본다. 그리고 나서, 연구자는 아리스토텔레스의 A주장과 B주장에 관한 토마스 아퀴나스의 두 가지의 관점들, 즉 『윤리학 주해』와 『신학대전』의 관점들을 보여준다.BR 본 글 안에서, 먼저 (...) 연구자는 토마스 아퀴나스가 그의 『윤리학 주해』안에서 아리스토텔레스의 A주장과 B주장에 관해서 주해할 때마다 그는 아리스토텔레스로부터 아리스토텔레스들을 설명하고 있음을 여러 가지 사례들을 통하여 드러낸다. 이와 반대로, 연구자는『신학대전』의 두 개의 항들은 『윤리학 주해』안에 존재하지 않는 아우구스티누스적인 요소들 또는 신학적 요소들을 도입했다는 것을 제시한다.BR 결론적으로, 우리는 토마스 아퀴나스가 아리스토텔레스의 『니코마코스 윤리학』의 A주장과 B주장 안에 있는 ‘즐거움’에 접근하는 방식은 그의『윤리학 주해』와 『신학대전』안에서 동일하지 않다는 것을 알 수 있다. 토마스 아퀴나스는 아리스토텔레스의 철학적 즐거움과 그리스도교의 신학적 즐거움 사이의 차이들을 인정한다. 그러나 그는 그러한 차이가 필연적으로 양립불가능성을 내포하고 있다고 보지는 않았다. 왜냐하면, 그는 자신의 신학적 공리, 즉 “은총은 자연을 파괴하지 않고 완성 한다”에 따라 그리스도교의 즐거움은 철학적 즐거움과 대립하지 않으며 오히려 완성한다고 보았기 때문이다. (shrink)

In Civic Liberalism, prominent political theorist Thomas A. Spragens, Jr. asserts that most versions of democratic ideals—libertarianism, liberal egalitarianism, difference liberalism, and the liberalism of fear—lead our polity significantly astray. Spragens offers another alternative. He argues that we should recover the multiple and complex aspirations found within the tradition of democratic liberalism and integrate them into a more compelling public philosophy for our time—or what he calls civic liberalism.

In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:Reviewed by:Eric Doyle OFM: Hidden Architect of the Retrieval of the Franciscan Charism by Brenda AbbottRobert J. Karris, OFMBrenda Abbott, Eric Doyle OFM: Hidden Architect of the Retrieval of the Franciscan Charism. Durham, UK: Franciscan Publishing, 2021. Pp. vii + 388. 16 photos. £15.00. ISBN: 9781915198013.Father Eric Doyle, OFM, a member of the Province of the Immaculate Conception, UK, was born in 1938 and died in 1984. He was (...) highly talented and educated, steeped in the Franciscan tradition, a superb and humorous communicator. He was just right for his time, he was ahead of his time, and he may be just what Franciscans need today in their time as they continue to renew themselves in the spirit of St. Francis and in Franciscan Christology and spirituality.Abbott sets down her goal: "My purpose and goal in publishing this book is that something of the man and his vision will be communicated here, and that a new generation of Franciscan friars and scholars, as well as believers and unbelievers more widely, may be inspired by this vision and become aware of Doyle's enduring and precious legacy" (ii). She accomplishes her goal through an introduction, fifteen chapters which mainly delve into Doyle's Franciscan Christology and spirituality, and a conclusion. Endnotes follow each chapter. The book, which is very well-researched and written, ends with two appendices and a bibliography. Abbot has marvelously achieved her goal.The introduction is followed by: chapter 1, "Early Life: 1938–1970"; chapter 2, "The Friar"; chapter 3, "The Teacher"; chapter 4, "The Shepherd and Evangeliser"; chapter 5, "The Scholar"; chapter 6, "The Mystic"; chapter 7, "The Franciscan Theologian (Part 1)"; chapter 8, "The Franciscan Theologian (Part 2)"; chapter 9, "The Franciscan Theologian (Part 3)"; chapter 10, "The Franciscan Theologian (Part 4)"; chapter 11, "The Ecologist: Our Sister Mother Earth"; chapter 12, "The Ecumenist: Our Brothers and Sisters in Christ"; chapter 13, "The Post–Vatican II Theologian"; chapter 14, "The Prophet: A Franciscan Legacy (Part 1)"; and chapter 15, "The Prophet: A Franciscan Legacy (Part 2)."In the space allotted me, I provide three snapshots of Eric Doyle. First is the assessment of Doyle from an outside source, Bishop Thomas McMahon, who in his eulogy said: "He put profound truths in a very [End Page 249] simple way and conveyed always a sense of the numinous. … [He was] vivid, articulate, deeply learned, intensely human, hugely alive, full of mischief, unsparing of self … a contemporary Francis. His Franciscan spirituality permeated his total thinking" (174). I underscore Bishop Mc-Mahon's emphasis on St. Francis and his spirituality. I see implied here Doyle's teaching about the Absolute Primacy of Christ—that Christ is head of all creation and conqueror of sin and death, and that the reason for Christ's incarnation is not sin but love—demonstrating Doyle's retrieval of the best from the Franciscan tradition.The second snapshot points to two areas where Doyle was ahead of his time. First, he was a TV personality. Abbott dedicates pages 117–23 to Doyle as a wonderful TV presence. From 1971 to 1984 he was on four hundred programs of The Big Question. One reviewer noted: "The length, breadth and width of his discourse … is colossal … This man is an original, a non-pareil; before they made him, they broke the mould" (121). Second, in his book on Francis's Canticle of Brother Sun, first published in 1980, Doyle anticipated many of Pope Francis' teachings in Laudato Si'. As Abbott says: "Foreshadowing much of Pope Francis' encyclical Laudato Si', Doyle demonstrates how belief in the universal brotherhood and sisterhood of creation can help us create a better world" (270).The third snapshot is an indication of how Doyle's legacy continues in print. Doyle's St Francis and the Song of Brotherhood has been reprinted a number of times, most recently in 1997 by Franciscan Institute Publications as St. Francis and the Song of Brotherhood and Sisterhood. It has been translated into five languages: Italian, German, Portuguese, Korean, and Japanese. Under the imprint of Tau Publications is My Heart's Quest: Collected Writings of Eric Doyle, Friar Minor, Theologian, edited by Josef Raischl... (shrink)

Examines the relationship between the question of God and the destiny of metaphysics. Concept of the end of metaphysics; Ambiguous relation between phenomenology and metaphysics; Return of special metaphysics in phenomenology; Phenomenological figure of God. Examines the relationship between the question of God and the destiny of metaphysics. Concept of the end of metaphysics; Ambiguous relation between phenomenology and metaphysics; Return of special metaphysics in phenomenology; Phenomenological figure of God.

We propose, following Clark, that generative models also play a central role in the perception and interpretation of linguistic signals. The data explanation approach provides a rationale for the role of prediction in language processing and unifies a number of phenomena, including multiple-cue integration, adaptation effects, and cortical responses to violations of linguistic expectations.

Non-epistemic values play important roles in classificatory practice, such that philosophical accounts of kinds and classification should be able to accommodate them. Available accounts fail to do so, however. Our aim is to fill this lacuna by showing how non-epistemic values feature in scientific classification, and how they can be incorporated into a philosophical theory of classification and kinds. To achieve this, we present a novel account of kinds and classification, discuss examples from biological classification where non-epistemic values play decisive (...) roles, and show how this account accommodates the role of non-epistemic values. (shrink)

Species in biology are traditionally perceived as kinds of organisms about which explanatory and predictive generalizations can be made, and biologists commonly use species in this manner. This perception of species is, however, in stark contrast with the currently accepted view that species are not kinds or classes at all, but individuals. In this paper I investigate the conditions under which the two views of species might be held simultaneously. Specifically, I ask whether upon acceptance of an ontology of species (...) as diachronic segments of the tree of life species can perform the epistemic role of kinds of organisms to which explanatory and predictive generalizations apply. I show that, for species-level segments of the tree of life, several requirements have to be met before the performance of this epistemic role is possible, and I argue that these requirements can be met by defining species according to the Composite Species Concept proposed by Kornet and McAllister in the 1990s. (shrink)

The Genesis of God: A Theological Genealogy. By Thomas J.J. Altizer. Louisville: Westminster/John Knox Press, 1993. pp.200.

While evolutionary thinking is increasingly becoming popular in fields of investigation outside the biological sciences, it remains unclear how helpful it is there and whether it actually yields good explanations of the phenomena under study. Here we examine the ontology of a recent approach to applying evolutionary thinking outside biology, the generalized Darwinism approach proposed by Geoffrey Hodgson and Thorbjørn Knudsen. We examine the ontology of populations in biology and in GD, and argue that biological evolutionary theory sets ontological criteria (...) that GD fails to meet. We suggest two options to revise the population concept in GD: reformulating the concept in terms of inheritance and reproduction such that it comes to pick out individuals similar to evolving populations, or trying to build an adequate population concept on a principle of differential retention instead of differential reproduction. 1 Introduction2 Generalized Darwinism2.1 What is generalized Darwinism?2.2 Darwinian principles3 The Ontology of Generalized Darwinism: What Are Populations?3.1 The population concept of generalized Darwinism3.2 The population concept in evolutionary theory4 Locating Evolving Systems in Generalized Darwinism5 Conclusion. (shrink)

This essay offers a diagnosis of what may be at stake in the current preoccupation with defining science‐based educational research. The diagnosis unfolds in several readings: The first is a charitable and considerate appraisal that draws attention to the fact that advocating experimental methods as important to a science of educational research is not an inherently evil thing to do. Subsequent readings are grimmer, suggesting more deleterious consequences of the science‐based research movement for the entire enterprise of educational practice and (...) research. The central thesis of the essay is that making arguments about method and science the focal point in the current quarrel may be largely beside the point. Instead, educational researchers should join the political and public conversation about the place of educational science in society and about how science is both implicated in and confronts the politics of what counts as knowledge. (shrink)

This paper reviews and synthesizes emerging multi-disciplinary evidence toward understanding the development of social and political organization in the Last Glacial. Evidence for the prevalence and scope of political egalitarianism is reviewed and the biological, social, and environmental influences on this mode of human organization are further explored. Viewing social and political organization in the Last Glacial in a much wider, multi-disciplinary context provides the footing for coherent theory building and hypothesis testing by which to further explore human political systems. (...) We aim to overcome the claim that our ancestors’ form of social organization is untestable, as well as counter a degree of exaggeration regarding possibilities for sedentism, population densities, and hierarchical structures prior to the Holocene with crucial advances from disparate disciplines. (shrink)

The philosophy of biology is witnessing an increasing enthusiasm for what can be called “individuals thinking”. Individuals thinking is a perspective on the metaphysics of biological entities according to which conceiving of them as individuals rather than kinds enables us to expose ongoing metaphysical debates as focusing on the wrong question, and to achieve better accounts of the metaphysics of biological entities. In this paper, I examine two cases of individuals thinking, the claim that species are individuals and the claim (...) that life on Earth is an individual. I argue that these claims fail to do the metaphysical work that one would want them to do. I highlight problems with the specific claims as well as with the general notion of ‘individual’, and argue that naturalistic metaphysicians of biology should think of the metaphysical status of theoretical entities, such as species and life, as fundamentally theory-dependent. This implies a metaphysical pluralism, that allows that in some theories species, life, and other such entities may feature as individuals, whereas in others they may feature as kinds. (shrink)

This title was first published in 2002. This book builds on contemporary discussion of 'mysticism' and religious experience by examining the process and content of 'religious knowing' in classical and modern Advaita. Drawing from the work of William Alston and Alvin Plantinga, Thomas Forsthoefel examines key streams of Advaita with special reference to the conditions, contexts, and scope of epistemic merit in religious experience. Forsthoefel uniquely employs specific analytical categories of contemporary Western epistemologies as heuristics to examine the cognitive (...) dimension of religious experience in Indian Vedanta. Showing the developing nuances in the analysis of religious experience in the thought of Shankara and his immediate disciples (Suresvara and Padmapada) as well as in the teaching of Ramana Maharshi, an understudied but important South Indian saint of the 20th century, this book offers a substantial contribution to studies of Indian philosophy as well as to contemporary philosophy of religion. Using the tools of exegesis and comparative philosophy, Forsthoefel argues for a careful justification of claims following religious experience, even if such claims involve, as they do in the Advaita, a paradoxical 'knowing beyond knowledge'. (shrink)

고대 철학에 있어서 아리스토텔레스는, 인간행위에 관한 그의 설명 안에서 ‘심사숙고와 선택’의 역할을 중점적으로 강조하고 있다. 그러나 스토아 철학자들은 아리스토텔레스와는 달리 인간 행위에 있어서 단지 의지 또는 정념에만 잘못과 죄, 그리고 이에 대한 책임의 원인으로서 도덕적 속성을 부여했다. 그리고 이러한 스토아 철학적 설명의 유형은 그리스도교의 전통 안에서 또한 주로 찾아볼 수 있다.BR 그러나 토마스 아퀴나스는 그 당시 그리스도교의 전통과는 다른 방향으로 나아갔다. 그에 의하면, 비록 정념들에 영향이 잘못된 행위의 원인에 대한 일부가 될 수는 있을 지라도, 잘못은 단지 의지 안에만 또는 정념 (...) 안에만 있는 것이 아니라 또한 이성 안에도 놓여있다. 좀 더 정확히 말하면, 잘못과 죄는 의지 또는 정념들 자체로부터만 유래하는 것이 아니라 이것들과 함께 작동되는 행위자의 모든 능력들의 올바르지 못한 작용들로부터 유래한다. 그리하여 연구자는 토마스 아퀴나스의 ‘정념’의 도덕적 속성이 어떤 내용을 담고 있는지를 좀 더 자세히 분석함으로써 다음과 같은 질문들에 관하여 하나의 체계적인 답변을 제시하고 있다.BR 첫 번째 질문은 토마스 아퀴나스의 인간행위 안에서의 정념이 그 자체로써 도덕적으로 중립적인가라는 것이다. 이에 대하여 연구자는 다음과 같이 응답한다. 토마스 아퀴나스에 의하면, 사랑, 희망, 증오, 분노, 슬픔, 그리고 절망 등을 포함한 모든 정념들은 도덕적으로 중립적이다. 한 사람이 개별적인 정념에 반응하는 방식이 정념의 도덕적 속성을 결정하는 것이지 ‘정념 그 자체’가 정념의 도덕적 속성을 결정하는 것이 아니다.BR 두 번째 질문은 토마스 아퀴나스에게 있어서, 만일 정념이 도덕적으로 중립적이지 않고 도덕적 속성을 지니고 있다면 그것은 어떤 경우에 선한 정념 또는 악한 정념이 될 수 있는 가라는 것이다. 이에 대하여 또한 연구자는 다음과 같은 답변을 제시한다. 토마스 아퀴나스에 의하면, 정념들이 이성과 이성적 욕구로써의 의지를 따라갈 때, 정념들은 인간의 활동 안에서 인간의 행위를 풍성하게 하는 긍정적인 영향력을 행사함으로써 그것들은 선한 정념들이 될 수 있다. 이와는 반대로, 정념들이 이성에 미치는 영향의 강도 수준과 정념들이 이성을 혼란에 빠뜨리는 방식들에 의해서 정념들은 이성에 대하여 부정적인 영향을 미침으로써 악한 정념들이 될 수도 있다.BR 세 번째 질문은, 토마스 아퀴나스의 정념의 도덕적 속성에 대한 전체적인 설명 안에서의 예외적인 정념은 없는지에 대한 것이다. 여기에서 연구자는 비록 토마스 아퀴나스가 정념들 중의 어느 것도 본질적으로 선하거나 또는 악하지 않다고 진술했을지라도, 단지 ‘절망’이라는 정념만은 본질적으로 육체와 영혼의 움직임 둘 다를 정지시킴으로써 항상 악한 쪽으로 작동될 뿐만 아니라 결코 올바르게 느껴지지 않기 때문에, 그것은 도덕적으로 중립적이지 않다고 주장한다. (shrink)

This work argues for the need to close the gap between the fields of the philosophy of religion and religious studies. Thomas A. Lewis takes up what, in recent years, has often been seen as a fundamental reason for excluding religious ethics and philosophy of religion from religious studies: their explicit normativity. Against this presupposition, Lewis argues that normativity is pervasive--not unique to ethics and philosophy of religion--and therefore not a reason to exclude them from religious studies. He bridges (...) more philosophical and historical subfields by arguing for the importance of history to the philosophy of religion. He considers the future of religious ethics, explaining that the field as whole should learn from the methodological developments associated with recent work in comparative religious ethics and 'comparative religious ethics' should no longer be conceived as a distinct subfield. The concluding chapter engages broader, post-9/11 arguments about the importance of studying religion, arguing that prominent contemporary notions of 'religious literacy' actually hinder our ability to grasp the significance of religion and impact in the world today. (shrink)

Although several theories of online syntactic processing assume the parallel activation of multiple syntactic representations, evidence supporting simultaneous activation has been inconclusive. Here, the continuous and non‐ballistic properties of computer mouse movements are exploited, by recording their streaming x, y coordinates to procure evidence regarding parallel versus serial processing. Participants heard structurally ambiguous sentences while viewing scenes with properties either supporting or not supporting the difficult modifier interpretation. The curvatures of the elicited trajectories revealed both an effect of visual context (...) and graded competition between simultaneously active syntactic representations. The results are discussed in the context of 3 major groups of theories within the domain of sentence processing. (shrink)

Natural kinds are often contrasted with other kinds of scientific kinds, especially functional kinds, because of a presumed categorical difference in explanatory value: supposedly, natural kinds can ground explanations, while other kinds of kinds cannot. I argue against this view of natural kinds by examining a particular type of explanation—mechanistic explanation—and showing that functional kinds do the same work there as traditionally recognized natural kinds are supposed to do in “standard” scientific explanations. Breaking down this categorical distinction between traditional natural (...) kinds and other kinds of kinds, I argue, delivers two goods: It provides us with a view of natural kindhood that does justice to the epistemic roles of kinds in scientific explanations. And it allows us to solve a problem that HPC theory, currently one of the more popular accounts of natural kindhood, confronts. (shrink)

Business schools play an instrumental role in laying the foundations for ethical behavior and socially responsible actions in the business community. Drawing on social learning and identity theories and using data collected from undergraduate business students, we found that ethical climate was a significant predictor of unethical behavior, such that students with positive perceptions about their business school’s ethical climate were more likely to refrain from unethical behaviors. Moreover, we found that high moral and institutional identities strengthened the effect of (...) ethical climate on unethical behavior. In addition to novel theoretical contributions to the business ethics and socio-psychology literature, this study offers practical pathways through which business schools can nurture and instill the values and behaviors that ultimately help shape positive organizational ethics. Directions for future research are provided. (shrink)

The taxa that appear in biological classifications are commonly seen as representing information about the traits of their member organisms. This paper examines in what way taxa feature in the storage and retrieval of such information. I will argue that taxa do not actually store much information about the traits of their member organisms. Rather, I want to suggest, taxa should be understood as functioning to localize organisms in the genealogical network of life on Earth. Taxa store information about where (...) organisms are localized in the network, which is important background information when it comes to establishing knowledge about organismal traits, but it is not itself information about these traits. The view of species and higher taxa that is proposed here follows from examining three problems that occur in contemporary biological systematics and are discussed here: the problem of generalization over taxa, the problem of phylogenetic inference, and the problematic nature of the Tree of Life. (shrink)

토마스 아퀴나스의 도덕 교설이 그의 철학 안에서 아리스토텔레스적인 것으로 인식되는 것은 하나의 흔한 일이 되어 왔다. 비록 아리스토텔레스와 토마스 아퀴나스 사이의 세계관 안에서 설명될 수 있는 여러 가지의 차이점들이 있음에도 불구하고, 토마스 아퀴나스의 도덕 교설을 연구하고 있는 학자들은 전형적으로 그것을 대부분 아리스토텔레스적인 것으로 이해하고 있다. 그는 철학사 안에서 처음으로 도덕적 관점으로부터 뿐만 아니라 인간학적 관점으로부터 인간의 정념들을 심사숙고함으로써 그것들을 체계화했다. 그는 그의 정념들에 관한 교설도 역시 우리가‘아리스토텔레스적인’접근이라고 생각하는 것에 속해 있다.BR 좀 더 최근의 연구들은 하나의 다른 접근법을 취하고 있다. 그것들 (...) 중의 몇몇은 일반적인 정념들을 다루고 있다. 다른 것들은 하나의 특수한 정념 또는 정념들의 하나의 특수한 국면에 초점을 맞추고 있다. 그런데 이러한 연구들 이외에 또 다른 하나의 더 커다란 논제라는 더 넓은 체계 안에서의 정념들을 논의하는 논문들이 언급되고 있다.BR 더 넓은 체계 안에서, 토마스 아퀴나스의 도덕철학은 적어도 표면상으로 아리스토텔레스의 목록에 있는 지혜, 용기, 절제, 정의와 동일한 것처럼 보이는 어떤 것들을 표현하고 있는 덕들의 목록을 중심으로 하고 있는 하나의 덕 윤리이다. 많은 학자들에 의해서 토마스 아퀴나스가 받아들였다고 가정하고 있는 아리스토텔레스의 도덕철학과 관련되어 있는 그의 도덕적 덕은 실천을 통하여 획득되어질 뿐만 아니라 이성과 일치하는 것 안에서 의지로 하여금 행위 하고자 하는 쪽으로의 하나의 습성이다. 토마스 아퀴나스의 도덕 교설에 있어서 덕과 이성 사이의 이러한 강력한 관련성이 주어지기 때문에, 정념들은 잘해야 도덕적인 덕의 부속물에 불과하며, 기껏해야 도덕적인 덕의 장애물에 불과하다.BR 이와 관련하여, 본 논문의 목적은 토마스 아퀴나스의 교설을 그의 인류학이라는 더 넓은 체계 안에서 분류함으로써 그의 정념에 관한 교설들의 통찰력들의 풍부함을 이끌어내는 것이다. 그리하여 연구자는 토마스 아퀴나스의 정념에 관한 교설의 아리스토텔레스적인 성격이 어떤 내용을 담고 있는지를 좀 더 자세하게 분석함으로써 하나의 체계적인 설명을 제시하고 있다.BR 첫 번째는 토마스 아퀴나스의 정념과 관련하여 인간에 대한 아리스토텔레스적인 질료-형상론의 관점으로서 육체와 영혼의 복합체에 관한 교설이다. 두 번째는 토마스 아퀴나스의 아리스토텔레스의 우주론적 목적론에 기초한 ‘알려진 대상’과 ‘형상적 대상’으로서의 정념의 대상에 관한 교설이다. 세 번째는 토마스 아퀴나스의 인간 영혼의 정념적 차원과 이성적 차원 사이의 정치적 관계에 관한 교설이다. 네 번째는 토마스 아퀴나스의 하나의 정치적 관계로서 정념들에 대한 이성의 긍정적 영향과 부정적 영향에 관한 교설이다.BR 결론적으로, 토마스 아퀴나스의 정념에 관한 도덕 교설은 아리스토텔레스적인 교설에다가 그의 근본적인 토대를 두고 있다. 그는 아리스토텔레스의 교설들을 가지고서 자신의 정념에 관한 교설을 더 넓은 체계 안에 전개하고 있다. 그리하여 그는 그것들을 좀 더 세밀하고도 명확하게, 그리고 더욱더 풍성하게 체계화하고 있는 것이다. (shrink)

Humanity’s creative capacity has never been more unsettling than it is at our current moment, when it has ushered us into new technological worlds that challenge the very definition of “the human.” Those anxious to safeguard the human against techno-scientific threats often appeal to religious traditions to protect the place and dignity of the human. But how well do we understand both theological tradition and today’s technological culture? In _The Indiscrete Image, _Thomas A. Carlson challenges our common ideas about both, (...) arguing instead that it may be humanity’s final lack of definition that first enables, and calls for, human creativity and its correlates—including technology, tradition, and their inextricable interplay within religious existence. Framed in response to Martin Heidegger’s influential account of the relation between technological modernity and theological tradition, _The Indiscrete Image_ builds an understanding of creativity as conditioned by insurmountable unknowing and incalculable possibility through alternative readings of Christian theological tradition and technological culture—and the surprising resonance between these two. Carlson concludes that the always ongoing work of world creation, tied essentially to human self-creation, implies neither an idol’s closure nor an icon’s transcendence, but the “indiscrete image” whose love makes possible—by keeping open—both the human and its world. (shrink)